Table of Contents
Click Here for Unit-I: Education in Philosophical Perspective
Click Here for Unit-III: Indian Schools of Philosophy and Educational Implications
2.1 Idealism
Key Philosophers: Plato, Socrates, Hegel, Kant,
Fichte, T.P. Nunn
Basic Principles of Idealism
1. Reality is spiritual - Mind/spirit is the
ultimate reality
2. Ideas are eternal - Universal truths
exist independently
3. Mind over matter - The Mental world
is more important than the physical world
4. Human dignity - Man is the noblest
creation of God
5. Moral values - Truth, beauty, and
goodness are absolute
Educational Implications of Idealism
|
Educational Aspect |
Idealistic Approach |
|
Aims of Education |
- Self-realization - Character development - Spiritual growth - Moral perfection |
|
Curriculum |
- Humanities emphasised - Literature, philosophy, history - Religious and moral education - Classical languages |
|
Methods of Teaching |
- Lecture method - Discussion and dialogue - Question-answer - Meditation and reflection |
|
Role of the Teacher |
- Spiritual guide - Moral exemplar - Authority figure - Next to God in status |
|
Discipline |
- Strict discipline - Self-control - Moral restraint - Punishment for wrongdoing |
Merits and Demerits of Idealism
Merits:
· Emphasises moral and
spiritual development
· Recognises human
dignity and worth
· Provides clear
educational guidelines
· Promotes cultural
preservation
Demerits:
· Neglects practical
and vocational education
· Too much emphasis on
bookish knowledge
· Authoritarian
approach to teaching
· Ignores individual
differences
2.2 Naturalism
Key Philosophers: Rousseau, Spencer, Pestalozzi,
Froebel, Montessori
Basic Principles of Naturalism
1. Nature is everything - No reality beyond
nature
2. Child is naturally good - Society corrupts
natural goodness
3. Follow nature - Education should
be according to natural development
4. Freedom is essential - A Child should
have the freedom to grow
5. Experience-based learning - Knowledge comes
through the senses
Educational Implications of Naturalism
|
Educational Aspect |
Naturalistic Approach |
|
Aims of Education |
- Natural development - Self-expression - Adaptation to the environment - Present happiness |
|
Curriculum |
- Science subjects emphasised - Practical activities - Nature study - Physical education |
|
Methods of Teaching |
- Learning by doing - Play-way method - Observation and experience - Heuristic method |
|
Role of the Teacher |
- Passive observer - Stage-setter - Facilitator - Secondary to nature |
|
Discipline |
- Natural consequences - Self-discipline - Freedom with responsibility - No external punishment |
Merits and Demerits of Naturalism
Merits:
· Child-centred
education
· Emphasises practical
learning
· Promotes individual
freedom
· Scientific approach
to education
Demerits:
· Neglects spiritual
and moral values
· Unlimited freedom may
lead to chaos
· Ignores social
responsibilities
· May not prepare for
future challenges
2.3 Pragmatism
Key Philosophers: John Dewey, William James,
Kilpatrick, Charles Pierce
Basic Principles of Pragmatism
1. Truth is what works - Practical utility
determines truth
2. Experience is central - Learning through
experience
3. Change is constant - Reality is in the
process of making
4. Democracy in education - Shared experiences
and cooperation
5. Problem-solving approach - Education solves
life problems
Educational Implications of Pragmatism
|
Educational Aspect |
Pragmatic Approach |
|
Aims of Education |
- Social efficiency - Problem-solving ability - Democratic citizenship - Continuous growth |
|
Curriculum |
- Experience-centered - Integration of subjects - Practical and useful knowledge - Flexible and changing |
|
Methods of Teaching |
- Project method - Problem-solving method - Experimental method - Learning by doing |
|
Role of the Teacher |
- Friend and guide - Co-learner - Facilitator - Democratic leader |
|
Discipline |
- Social discipline - Self-control through cooperation - Natural consequence - Group responsibility |
Merits and Demerits of Pragmatism
Merits:
· Democratic approach
to education
· Practical and useful
education
· Develops
problem-solving skills
· Encourages social
cooperation
Demerits:
· Neglects absolute
values
· May lack clear
direction
· Over-emphasises
present utility
· May ignore cultural
heritage
2.4 Existentialism
Key Philosophers: Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus,
Jaspers, Heidegger
Basic Principles of Existentialism
1. Existence precedes essence - The Individual
creates their own nature
2. Individual freedom - Complete freedom
of choice
3. Personal responsibility - Responsible for
own choices
4. Authenticity - Being true to
oneself
5. Subjectivity - Personal
experience is most important
Educational Implications of Existentialism
|
Educational Aspect |
Existentialist Approach |
|
Aims of Education |
- Self-understanding - Authenticity - Freedom of choice - Personal responsibility |
|
Curriculum |
- Humanities emphasised - Literature and arts - Philosophy and psychology - Flexible and individual |
|
Methods of Teaching |
- Self-directed learning - Individual attention - Dialogue and discussion - Creative expression |
|
Role of the Teacher |
- Facilitator - Co-explorer - Counselor - Non-directive guide |
|
Discipline |
- Self-discipline - Personal choice - Natural consequences - Individual responsibility |
Merits and Demerits of Existentialism
Merits:
· Emphasises individual
uniqueness
· Promotes freedom and
creativity
· Develops personal
responsibility
· Encourages authentic
living
Demerits:
· May lead to excessive
individualism
· Neglects social
responsibilities
· Can result in moral
relativism
· Difficult to
implement in mass education
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