Contribution
of Tylorism in Scientific Management
Introduction
The modern world has been marked by
specialised management that is characterised by effective planning methods in
order to attain certain objectives, division of lobar which has served to
increase specialisations and innovations in work places, and a formalised
interaction between the employees and their managers in their work places.
These formal manifestations can be attributed to the twentieth century from the
works of Taylor who came up with the concepts of scientific management. Taylor
has been accorded the legacy as the founder of scientific management
principles.
Brief Life-Sketch , Education and Books
Frederick Winslow Taylor
was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial
efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. (Wikipedia)
Born: 20 March 1856,
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Died: 21 March 1915,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Known for:
"Father" of the; Scientific management; & Efficiency Movement,
Father of Industrial Engineering
Education: University of
Pennsylvania, Phillips Exeter Academy, Stevens Institute of Technology
Awards: Elliott Cresson Medal
Written
Books: “A Piece-Rate System" (1896),” Shop Management” (1903), “On the art of cutting metals” (1906), “The Principles of
Scientific Management “
(1911)
A. Fundamental of Scientific Management
v The
Scientific Management Theory owes its origin to Frederick W. Taylor (also
called Taylorism or the Taylor system) who is regarded as “The Father of
Scientific Management.
v It is a theory of management that analyses and
synthesizers workflows, improving labour productivity.
v focuses
on worker and machine relationship.
B. Principles of Scientific Management
v
Replacing rule of thumbs with Science.
v
Obtaining harmony in group action rather than Ø
discord in group action.
v
Cooperation between management and workers.
v
Working for maximum output rather thanØ
restricted output.
v
Development of workers through scientificØ
selection and training.
C.
Techniques
of Scientific Management
v
Time Study
: It is a technique which enables the manager to ascertain standard time taken
for performing a specified job.
v
Motion Study
: In this study, movement of body and limbs required to perform a job are
closely observed.
v
Functional Foremanship
: This technique was developed to improve the quality of work as single
supervisor may not be an expert in all the aspects of the work.
v
Standardization
: It implies the physical attitude of products should be such that it meets the
requirements & needs of customers.
v
Differential Piece Wage Plan
: This tech of wage payment is based on efficiency of worker
v
Other
Techniques: Various other techniques have been developed to create ordeal
relationship between management and workers.
D.
Philosophical
Direction of Scientific Management
v Functional
division of labour:
v Productivity:
v Motivation:
v High
wages and low labour costs:
v Separation
of planning from doing:
v Cooperation:
v Principles
of exception:
Contributions
1. Scientific
approach to business management and process improvement
v Workers
and managers must work according to scientific principles rather than working
haphazardly when carrying out organisational activities.
2. Importance
of compensation for performance
Organisational activities must be performed in
a coordinated and consistent way, not in an inconsistent and incoherent way
3. Began
the careful study of tasks and jobs.
v Organisation
and their methods, rather than submitting low unproductiveness, must reject
this and must try to provide the highest productivity.
v Specialisation
in every part of a defined labor must be provided.
4. Importance
of selection criteria by management
v Each
labour must be parted to sub-factors forming it. When defining activities which
workers must carry out, not only intuition and experience but also scientific
methods must be used as well.
v People
whose mental and physical skills are sufficient for works being standardised
must be chosen that’s to say, the most suitable staff member must be chosen.
Contribution of Frederick
Winslow Tylor To Scientific Management
Scientific task setting:-
Taylor observed that the management does not know exactly the works – pieces of
work- volume of works- which are to be performed by the workers during a fixed
period of time- which is called working day. In a working day how much work is
to be done by a worker but be fixed by a manager and the task should be set
every day. The process of task setting requires scientific technique. To make a
worker do a quantity of work in a working day is called scientific task setting
Differential payment system:-
under this system, a worker received the piece rate benefit which will attract
the workers to work more for more amount of wages and more incentives would be
created to raise the standardisation of output to promote the workers to
produce more and perform more task than before and utilise waste time to earn
more wages. Reorganisation of supervision:-
concepts of separation of planning and doing and functional foreman ship were
developed. Taylor opines that the workers should only emphasise in planning or
in doing. There should be 8 foreman in which 4 are for planning and for doing.
For planning they were route clerk, instruction cord clerk, time and cost clerk
and disciplinarian. And for doing they were speed boss, gang boss, repair boss
and inspector.
Scientific recruiting and training:-staffs
and workers should be selected and employed on scientific basis. Management
should develop and train every worker by providing proper knowledge and
training to increase their skills and make them effective
Economy:- efficient cost
accounting system should be followed to control cost which can minimise the
wastage and thoroughly reduced and thus eliminated.
Mental revolution:-
Taylor argued that both management and workers should try to understand each
other instead of quarrelling for profits and benefits which would increase
production, profit and benefits.
TOOLS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
1. Separation of planning and doing
2. Functional Foreman ship
3. Job Analysis
4. Standardisation
5. Scientific Selection and training of
workers
6. Financial Incentives
7. Economy
8. Mental Revolution
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